For instance, mall-molecule inhibitors of cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed death-1 (PD-1), and programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) were found to have promising antitumor effects on non-small-cell lung carcinoma and colorectal cancer 11, 12. Here, CTLA4 is linked to non-small cell lung carcinoma.