Although the reduction in titers of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies in mice receiving CD2-targeted NPs at weeks 2 and 4 (Figure 3) appeared as insufficient to suppress the initial renal damage that develops in lupus BDF1 mice, it resulted in (more evident) beneficial effects after a prolonged time frame (Figure 4A). The gene discussed is CD2; the disease is systemic lupus erythematosus.