Moreover, levels of circulating protein and the activity of neutrophil serine protease 3 (PR3) and neutrophil elastase (NE) stored in primary neutrophil granules are significantly increased in T1DM (6) and LADA (9), and increased circulating levels of NE and PR3 exhibit a progressively positive correlation with the positive numbers and titres of islet autoantibodies (6). The gene discussed is PRTN3; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.