Among the most enriched pathways mentioned above, especially cytokine-cytokine receptor interactions and CAM signal transduction pathways, most of the genes related to these two pathways were found to be upregulated in LADA, such as chemokine (C-X-C subfamily) ligand (CXCL7) and C-X-C chemokine receptor type (CXCR1), also known as interleukin-8 receptor (IL8RA, IL8RB), cell adhesion molecules L-selectin (SELL) and integrin subunit alpha M (ITGAM). Here, PPBP is linked to latent autoimmune diabetes in adults.