In addition, higher levels of inhibiting protein of activated STAT1 (PIAS1) and diminished expression of NF-κB- or STAT1-regulated genes involved in adipocyte inflammation, differentiation, senescence and apoptosis were present in mouse PVAT, while PIAS1 was decreased in the PVAT of patients with atherosclerosis (Schutz et al., 2019), suggesting that STAT1- or NF-κB-regulated genes may mediate the proatherogenesis effects of PVAT. This evidence concerns the gene PIAS1 and atherosclerosis.