TNF and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: In the present study, we also found that enrichments of Akkermansia and Bifidobacterium with INU treatment were positively correlated with SCFAs, but negatively associated with inflammatory indicators (LPS, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-18) and metabolic indications (TG and TC), indicating that INU could alleviate liver damage through enhancing beneficial bacteria in gut microbiota of NAFLD.