Thus, concomitant with a reduction of F4/80+ TLR4+ Mψs, INU consumption also decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-18, IL-6) and elevated anti-inflammatory IL-10, suggesting that INU possessed the ability to ameliorate inflammation of NAFLD via regulating inflammatory Mψs activation and its polarization, which was similar with a study of INU in alcoholic liver disease (Yang et al., 2019). Here, IL1B is linked to metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.