TNF and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: In agreement with our latest study (Ye et al., 2019b), the present results also showed the increased expression of p-p65 and p-IκBα in MDD rats, which was reduced in MDP rats, along with the decreased TNF-α and IL-1β, demonstrating that pinocembrin could suppress inflammatory responses via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway and then decrease the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias.