Due to the multiple clinical manifestations caused by NDE1 mutations, clinical profiles of patients have been grouped into three categories: (1) microhydranencephaly (MHAC), characterized by microcephaly and hydranencephaly; (2) lissencephaly-4, which is characterized by congenital microcephaly with lissencephaly (microlissencephaly); and (3) “Intermediate,” in which characteristic symptoms of both lissencephaly-4 and MHAC are observed (Paciorkowski et al., 2013). Here, NDE1 is linked to Primary microcephaly.