ADORA2A and Parkinson disease: Notably, pharmacological blockade or genetic deletion of A2AR produces similar anti-neuroinflammatory and neuroprotective effects as with caffeine in several experimental models of PD (Chen et al., 2001; Ikeda et al., 2002; Kalda et al., 2006; Hu et al., 2016; Luan et al., 2018).