Finally, intracerebroventricular injection of Aβ induced an inflammatory response leading to neuronal death, synaptic loss, and cognitive impairment in WT mice but not in TLR4 knockout mice; moreover, a selective TLR4 receptor antagonist abolished Aβ oligomer-induced microglia activation and memory impairment, which was not observed in mice lacking TLR4 (Balducci et al., 2017). Here, TLR4 is linked to memory impairment.