ATF3 and posterior cortical atrophy: After 8–10 weeks, the results revealed that the incidence of intestinal/abdominal metastasis in the Scr + ASC-J9® groups were relatively lower than that in the Scr + Vehicle group and importantly, the mice with ATF3-shRNAs had a reversal/blockage of the ASC-J9®-suppressed PCa cell invasion (Fig. 5a), suggesting ATF3 may play a tumor metastasis suppressor role.