It has been reported that IL-6 activates expansion of MDSCs via the JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signaling pathway, resulting in AOM/DSS-induced colon tumor development in G protein subunit alpha i1 (GNAI1) and GNAI3 (GNAI1;3) double-knockout (DKO) mice (107). Here, STAT3 is linked to infectious otitis media.