Our approach of subtracting the convergent clonotypes also observed in healthy controls, and controls receiving influenza vaccination (22–24), allowed us to identify convergence specific to the disease cohort. The unbiased nature of the BCR repertoire analysis approach means that, while these convergent clonotypes are likely to include many antibodies to the spike protein and other parts of the virus they may also include other protective antibodies, including those to host proteins. This evidence concerns the gene BCR and influenza.