TNF and severe acute respiratory syndrome: Cytokine storm was also proven to play an important role in severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and Middle East respiratory syndrome (Liu et al., 2020a), characterized by robust amplification of proinflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and others (Liu et al., 2020b; Chen et al., 2020; Huang et al., 2020).