Reduced brain infarct volume at 24 h after MCAO, effectively attenuated (i) ischemia-induced HMGB1 depletion from the ischemic core; (ii) activation of centrally (e.g., microglia) and peripherally derived immune cells (e.g., macrophage/monocytes); and (iii) TNF production in ischemic brain tissue. The gene discussed is HMGB1; the disease is ischemia.