TLR4 and brain ischemia: For example, in a mouse model of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, NLRP3 inflammasome inactivation was mediated by inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, which resulted in HMGB1 downregulation, consequently alleviating brain damage in ischemic stroke (Ye et al., 2019a).