The NTS-mediated glucose metabolism is likely mediated through SORT1 as evidenced by the fact that Nts KO and Sort1 KO mice show resistance to obesity and hepatic steatosis, and greater insulin sensitivity on a high fat diet as common phenotypes (Rabinowich et al., 2015; Li et al., 2016). Here, INS is linked to obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.