HIF1A and cancer: Several oncogenic mechanisms, such as the transcription factor HIF-1α, PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway and c-Myc, upregulate genes encoding glucose transporters and glycolytic proteins, including GLUT1, GLUT3, and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH).105,176 Thus, cancer cells have significantly increased glucose uptake, which is the main source of energy supporting their uncontrolled proliferation.174,175 In this context, NAD+ levels must be increased to support the high glycolytic demand since two steps, GAPDH conversion and lactate production, depend on this molecule.