ADIPOQ and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: Although little research exists relating to the effect of propolis on obesity (Table 5), Brazilian red propolis treatment (0–100 μg/mL) for three days has been found to induce adiponectin mRNA in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, probably through activation of the adiponectin promoter by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-γ).