Interestingly, treatment of the HT-29 cells with EcN before infection with C. jejuni reduced the expression of CASP8, IFNA1, IFNB1, IL12B, IL18, IL6, IL8, IRAK3, JUN, LCN2, LTF, MAP2K3, MAPK1 (ERK), MAPK3, MAPK8, MAPK14 (P38), NFKBIA, NOD1, RIPK2, TICAM1, TICAM2, TLR4, TLR5, TNF, TRAF6, and XIAP encoding genes (up to 30 folds) compared to C. jejuni alone (Figure 1; Table S1; P < .05). Here, IRAK3 is linked to infection.