TLR4 and infection: The α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) is also found in this environment and exerts its immunoregulatory functions not only by inducing the expression of TGFβ2, but also by inhibiting the expression of IFNγ and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), which is involved in detecting T. gondii glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) during infection [53].