We detected 88 DEGs (Materials and methods) between young AF and young NP samples (Figure 6—figure supplement 1E),in which 39 were more abundant in young NP (including known NP markers CD24, KRT19) and 49 were more abundant in young AF, including the AF markers, COL1A1, and THBS1. In the AGD samples, 11 genes differed between AF and NP (Figure 6—figure supplement 1F), comparable to the proteome profiles (Figure 4C). This evidence concerns the gene THBS1 and atrial fibrillation.