INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Initiation of IR forms the first phase in the pathogenesis of T2DM followed sequentially by elevations in plasma glucose levels (that stimulate β-cells to secrete higher amounts of insulin), oxidative stress (that accelerates β-cell insufficiency) exacerbating the existing HG, ultimately leading to apoptosis (β-cell death) and development of overt T2DM (Cernea and Dobreanu, 2013).