evaluated the relationship between CXCR4 and NPM1 in a group of 117 untreated adults with AML and found that a mutation in NPM1 is not correlated with CXCR4 or pCXCR4 protein levels, suggesting that CXCR4 and NPM pathways play independent roles in adult AML (28). The gene discussed is CXCR4; the disease is acute myeloid leukemia.