CCL2 and atherosclerosis: In particular, it was demonstrated that the protein-coding genes KLF-2, KLF-4, HoxA5, ABCA1, and DDAH2 are hypermethylated and down-regulated, whereas PDGF, MCP-1, LDLR, LOX-1, and BAX are hypomethylated and up-regulated in a DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-dependent manner during atherosclerosis progression (Dunn et al., 2014, 2015; Rizzacasa et al., 2019).