TGFB1 and neoplasm: Tumor cells stimulate TILs to secret CCL5, which activates an apoptotic pathway in TIL involving cytochrome c release into the cytosol and activation of caspase-3 and -9 (174). CCL5 could enhance the Tregs’ killing ability on CD8+ T cells through TGF-β signaling (175). Cancer cells might induce CD4+ T cells to secrete CCL5 and activate the Fas-mediated apoptosis in CD8+ cells (47).