CD4 and Alzheimer disease: Additionally, altered adaptive immune mechanics have been observed in the CNS of several Aß-based in vivo models of AD, displaying hippocampal BBB disruption, the infiltration of peripheral monocytes/macrophages, neutrophils and CD4+ T-cells (predominantly Th1 and Th17) as well as the increased transcription of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IFN-γ and IL-17, and chemokines, including MIP-1α (a macrophage attractant) plus CXCL1 (implicated in neutrophil recruitment) (Browne et al., 2013; Zhang J. et al., 2013; Minogue et al., 2014).