CD4 and Alzheimer disease: In accord with the animal studies, blood profiling of AD patients indicated heightened adaptive immune responses, such as a total reduction in naive T-cells, a tendency of T-cells to differentiate into CD4+ subsets or the elevated activity of pro-inflammatory CD4+ Th17 cells (Shalit et al., 1995; Richartz-Salzburger et al., 2007; Speciale et al., 2007; Larbi et al., 2009; Saresella et al., 2011).