On the other hand, it is plausible that the initial, inflammation-driven desensitization of insulin and other growth factors during obesity, T2DM, AD and PD (Maldonado-Ruiz et al., 2017; Holscher, 2019, 2020), which negatively affect the rate of cellular protein translation though the loss of Akt/mTORC1-signaling (Holscher, 2019; Liu and Sabatini, 2020), might be responsible for the reduced cerebral expression of GHS-R1α and GOAT in the cortex, hypothalamus and, potentially, further brain regions (Briggs et al., 2010; Gahete et al., 2010; Naznin et al., 2015). Here, INS is linked to Parkinson disease.