Infection of hMDM cells with S. Typhimurium in the presence of the NLRP3 inhibitor MCC950, however, had no effect on cytokine release or cell viability, suggesting that a NLRC4- or NLRP3-independent pathway may be operating in S. Typhimurium–infected hMDM (Fig. 8A–C). This evidence concerns the gene NLRP3 and infection.