APAF1 and neoplasm: Additional alterations on gene expression related to inflammatory pathways including extracellular signaling regulated kinase (ERK 1/2), Akt, as well as tumor and inflammation-related proteins e.g., p53, BAX, Cytochrome-c, Apaf-1, COX-2, transcription factors such as NF-kB, Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and caspase-3, 9 have been published and suggest the onset of a tumor-like phenotype [120,128,129,133].