However, while JNK-signaling can function either in a tumor-promoting, anti-apoptotic or in a tumor-suppressive, pro-apoptotic manner depending on the context, Toll- and imd-signaling have only been shown to display a tumor-suppressing, pro-apoptotic role in Drosophila (Uhlirova et al., 2005; Igaki et al., 2006; Enomoto et al., 2015; Uhlirova and Bohmann, 2006; Cordero et al., 2010; Vidal, 2010). The gene discussed is MAPK8; the disease is neoplasm.