Interestingly, this cytokine response was very much muted following AAV8 infection, with no significant difference in the plasma concentration of most cytokines (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor [G-CSF], granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interferon [INF]-γ, interleukin [IL]-1α, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-3, IL-12 [p40 and p70], macrophage colony-stimulating factor [MCSF], MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, MIP-2, RANTES, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-α) (Figure 5). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and infection.