More recently, a spectrum of established risk factors (e.g., abnormally high cholesterol levels, hypertension, type 2 diabetes, smoking, and obesity) has been extended to include new potential factors such as soluble α-Klotho levels, based on a 6-year observation by Memmos et al. [17] of a cohort of 804 older adults who showed that individuals with α-Klotho level in the lowest tertile (<575 pg/mL) had an increased risk of death (HR = 1.78, 95% CI 1.20–2.63) compared with participants in the higher quartile (>763 pg/mL) [18]. This evidence concerns the gene KL and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency.