INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: The two main forms of diabetes are type 1 (T1D) and type 2 (T2D) diabetes; they are triggered by different mechanisms, that is, autoimmunity in T1D and metabolic stressors in T2D, but in both cases genetic and environmental interactions prompt the failure and/or loss of the insulin-producing pancreatic β-cells leading to chronic hyperglycemia (Dooley et al, 2016; Ramos-Rodríguez et al, 2019; Eizirik et al, 2020).