TGFB1 and hyperphosphatemia: Although there are no comparable clinical studies from human medicine, there is evidence of a link between hyperphosphataemia and TGF-β1 signalling from experimental rodent models, where high phosphate diets upregulate renal TGF-β1 mRNA expression, and low phosphate/protein diets reduce renal TGF-β1 expression (Okuda et al., 1991, Shen et al., 2016).