TNF and COVID-19: Although studies to date were performed at diverse patient cohorts, they converge at the conclusion that COVID-19 patients exhibit early upon infection deficient production of interferons (IFNs) types I and III and increased serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor-necrosis factor (TNF)) in contrast to the classical anti-viral immune response mounted against other coronaviruses [4].