Our results showed a significant up-regulation in phospho- c-Jun N-terminal kinase (p-JNK) (Figure 8A, see densitometry analysis) and p-p38 (Figure 8B, see densitometry analysis) in glioblastoma TMZ-treated patients compared to the control group (Figure 8A,B, respectively, see densitometry analyses), denoting the continuous involvement of MAPKs in tumorigenesis following chemotherapy. This evidence concerns the gene JUN and glioblastoma.