LCN2 and urinary tract infection: Three molecular forms of NGAL have been found in urine, namely the NGAL monomer that has been associated with distal tubular cells injury, the NGAL homodimer that has been associated with the presence of neutrophils in urine and urinary tract infections, and the least studied matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP 9)-NGAL heterodimer [13,16].