Knockdown of Smad7 with a specific antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) restored the ability of TGF-β1 to hamper the production of inflammatory cytokines in CD mucosal cells [86] and attenuated 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-driven experimental colitis (mimicking human CD) in mice [87]. This evidence concerns the gene SMAD7 and Cowden disease.