ERC1671, an allogenic/autologous therapeutic GBM vaccine, composed of inactivated tumor cells mixed with tumor cell lysates derived from the patients and three GBM donors, was evaluated in a randomized phase II study for recurrent bevacizumab-naive patients in association with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and cyclophosphamide plus bevacizumab vs. placebo plus bevacizumab. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.