In another study, the extent of phosphorylation of cord blood phIGFBP-1 was related to the levels detected in GDM and non-GDM women: highly phosphorylated IGFBP-1 levels decreased in women with GDM, but not those of the lesser phosphorylated IGFBP-1 as compared to healthy women in late pregnancy [53]. Here, IGFBP1 is linked to gestational diabetes.