This activation state can be induced in vitro by stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), interferon-γ (IFNγ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α or other inflammatory mediators such as aggregated amyloid-β (Aβ), which is one of the key pathogenic hallmarks during Alzheimer’s Disease. Here, TNF is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.