TNF and age-related macular degeneration: In addition, we found that expressions of inflammatory markers including TNF-α, COX-2, and iNOS were increased via NF-κB signaling in ARPE-19 cells induced with oAβ1-42, which were consistent with studies on human RPE cells exposed to oAβ1-42 [14,15] and AMD patients [16,17,18].