KRAS and adenocarcinoma: CIN is found in around 85% of adenocarcinoma transitions [16,17] and is characterized by the activation of oncogenes (KRAS and BRAF), inactivation of TSGs (APC and TP53), and a loss of heterozygosity for the long arm of chromosome 18 (18q LOH), thus, promoting CRC tumorigenesis [15,16].