In the abundance of Gram-negative bacteria in the gut, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is shown to modulate the intestinal epithelial barrier, affecting the inflammatory response in T1D subjects by upregulating the mRNA expression of various inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-12 in addition to the enhanced expression of CD80 co-stimulatory molecule [74]. Here, IL1B is linked to type 1 diabetes mellitus.