When we further investigate the potential upstream regulators of subtype-specific altered pathways, several recurrent regulators controlling multiple pathways were identified, such as TP63, TP53, TGFB1, IFNG, IL1B and TNF. Furthermore, a few of them are shared among ccRCC, PRCC and ChRCC, while presenting heterogeneous expression patterns among subtypes. Here, TGFB1 is linked to chromophobe renal cell carcinoma.