Results from the TEMPRANO study showed that initiating ART at a CD4 count >500 cells/mm3 led to significantly less severe HIV morbidity (measured as a combined outcome of death, AIDS, and severe non-AIDS diseases such as malignancies and bacterial diseases) compared to initiating ART at a CD4 count < = 500 cells/mm3 [9]. Here, CD4 is linked to bacterial infectious disease.