In response to many cytokines and growth factors (ie ROS, transforming growth factor ‐beta1 (TGF‐β1), tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2), osteocalcin),49, 50, 51, 52 AFs can trans‐differentiate into myofibroblasts and migrate towards the lumen, contributing to the neointima formation in injury‐induced and graft‐induced atherosclerosis.53 The gene discussed is TGFB1; the disease is atherosclerosis.