INS and type 2 diabetes mellitus: Exogenous insulin and other insulin-centered lines of treatment have largely failed to reduce diabetic complications and mortality in T2D although short term glucose lowering may be achieved (ACCORD, 2008; King, Peacock & Donnelly, 2001; Meinert et al., 1970; UK Prospective Diabetes Study Group, 1998a, 1998b, 1998c).