HMGB1 and cancer: This effect might be caused by the release of molecules such as HMGB1 or ATP from cancer cells treated with drugs used in chemotherapy, which then activate dendritic cells to promote the presentation of an antigen (Aymeric et al., 2010), causing activation of CD8+ T cells and elevated the expression of the P2X7 receptor (Borges da Silva et al., 2018).