Several studies showed that the PSA reduces inflammation by inducing IL-10-secreting Tregs in both chemically induced and T cell-mediated colitis model (Mazmanian et al., 2008; Round and Mazmanian, 2010; Chang et al., 2017), and promotes the expression of CD39 in human leukocyte antigen-DR isotype (HLA-DR+) Treg cells to enhance the suppressive capacity of Treg cells (Telesford et al., 2015). This evidence concerns the gene ENTPD1 and colitis.