HMGB1 and Alzheimer disease: Various studies have demonstrated significant overlap between the pathological cytokine profiles observed in OA and AD: one such work found that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) and its cognate receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) are found at greatly elevated levels in both OA (Sun et al., 2016) and AD (Festoff et al., 2016).