TNF and Alzheimer disease: Raised whole blood and serum levels of several pro-inflammatory cytokines and adaptive immune players (chiefly TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IFN-γ, Th1, and Th17) have been extensively studied for their involvement in the pathogenesis of both RA and AD (Ravaglia et al., 2007; Aletaha et al., 2008; Trollor et al., 2012; Pope and Shahrara, 2013; Schoels et al., 2013; Chi et al., 2017).