TNF and chronic kidney disease: With evidence-based potentiated generation of anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, inhibited release of reactive oxygen species, and suppressed production of pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α and IL-1β, anti-inflammatory effects of dietary SCFAs have been confirmed in different animal models, such as steatosis, allergic airway inflammation, and chronic kidney disease (CKD) (64, 75, 76).